Amadou Diallo Essay Example for Free

Amadou Diallo EssaySocial cognition is the study of how people form attribution or judgments about themselves and the social world from the social information they received from their environment (Chapter Review, 2010). However, it was discovered often marked by apparent errors and biases. People make restless judgment based on their past experiences, wherefore at times leading to tragic endings. The Amadou Diallo case study was an example of the tragic error which was do by quad New York City Police officers.The patrol guess of an un fortify man was an act of automatic inferences which happens when people habit mental shortcuts to change the amount of information they receive from the environment. Automatic thinking is kn bear as the thinking that is unconscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). While, schemas are mental structure people call to arrange their information regarding the social world around themes or subjects sche mas affect what information we nonice, think about, and remember (Chapter Review, 2010).During the incident February 4, 1999, Carroll had make a low-effort automatic thinking with schemas when Diallo reached into his jacket to get his handbag by assuming that Diallo was reaching for a gun in his pocket, and shouted Gun to alert his colleagues. constabularyman Carrolls reach was due to his natural instinct or response as most criminal would reach into their pocket for gun during the detection of constabulary officers. He had use schemas to form an expectation of the event in which made him to expect a gun pulling out of Diallos jacket rather than his wallet.As he attends to his schema-consistent knowledge criminals would pull out guns from their jacket when they spotted police officers his schemas filtered out any inconsistent information Diallo reached in his jacket to get his wallet had caused the NYPD officers to harass at Diallo. Besides that, there are similarly a few th eories or concept under automatic thinking with schemas that had shown relevance to the Amadou Diallo case study, such as, accessibility. Accessibility is the stand-in with which schemas can be brought to ones mind (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006).The four police officers had practiced accessibility when they saw Diallo ran up the outside go toward his apartment house doorway at their approach, ignoring their orders to stop and show his hands. When they saw Diallo ran after they claimed to possess identified themselves as NYPD officers, they might attain that Diallo was the ordered raper they were searching for, as logically a serial rapist or a criminal would ran when approached by police officers to avoid getting caught.The ease of the purpose that criminals would run when they spotted police officers, had made the four police officers to identified Diallo as a criminal, although that was not the truth in Diallos case. As a result, a firestorm had unfortunately occurred. Fur thermore, the four police officers had practice priming in this case study. Priming is the process which related to recent experience that made schemas or concept to come to ones mind more readily (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006).For example, when Officer MeMellon fell down the steps, appearing to be spot, the other third officers might assume that Di accord had fire a gunshot towards Officer McMellon hence causing him to fell down those steps because they had linked it to their recent experiences of gunshot and feeling that Officer McMellon had been spot and that Diallo had shot him with his gun. As one would logically fall back when shot. Perseverance aftermath was overly shown in this case study.Perseverance effect is known as the tendency for peoples beliefs about themselves and their world to persist even when those beliefs are discredited (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When the four NYDP officers thought Diallo matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist, it might be due to the fact that Amadou Diallo was an immigrant to the United States and the four police officers could have the belief that immigrants are the major causal crime increment in the Unites States.Hence resulting the police officers to think the worse out of Diallo when he ran and even though he was reaching into his jacket to get his wallet, the police officers had persisted that the red-blooded object had been of a firearm although in logical terms both wallet and gun do not share the same shape and size. On the other hand, people also tend to use mental strategies and shortcuts to organize and make sense of their social world, especially when they are lack of full affect time, lack of solid information to use for decision devising, information overload, or when the issues are not important to them (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006).Mental strategies and shortcuts help people to make decisions easier and allow them to get on with their lives and not turn every decision into a major hurdle. Four NYDP officers had practise judgmental heuristics when they made judgments about Diallo. Police officers thought Diallo had matched the description of a (since-captured) serial rapist. This might be because that Diallo was a dark skin immigrant which had logically matched the description of the serial rapist leading officers to made a quick decision so that they do not need analyse in detailed and make a major hold-up over the matter.Furthermore, the four police officers also did performed availability heuristic in this case. Availability heuristic is a mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to their mind (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). During the incident, Diallo had been mistaken that he was reaching into his jacket to get his firearm whereas he was actually reaching to get his wallet. Officer Carroll had shouted Gun to his colleagues.His judgment might be due to his ease with which he can brin g to his mind, which in this case, was automatically thinking that Diallos wallet was a gun, hence warned his colleagues about the matter. Attitude heuristic is the determination of what is true based upon an individuals feelings towards or for a matter (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). The four police officers also had carried out attitude heuristic towards Amadou Diallo. For example, these police officers might dislike Diallo because he was an immigrant or black individual therefore assuming that Diallos intention, plan, or doings would also be bad too.This caused Diallo to be misinterpreted to be a criminal trying to escape from police detention rather than his true intention, which was believed to initially intend to show the NYPD officers his identification card in his wallet before he wrongly shot. Besides theories and concept of automatic thinking with schemas, the Amadou Diallo case had also displayed a few relevant theories of social perception. During the incident, the four police officers had displayed the attribution theory. Attribution theory is a description of the way which people explain the causes of their own and other peoples behavior (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006).It is because that Diallo had run up the outside steps of his apartment after they claimed to identified themselves as NYPD officers, and that he had reached into his jacket, the police officers have made a cause and effect explanation towards Diallos behavior hence assuming that he was a criminal or the serial rapist they were searching for, therefore Diallo had run up in the attempt to escape and when he reached into his jacket for his wallet, they thought that he was reaching for his gun to defend himself. repayable to this theory, it made sense of he reason four police officers have assumed that Diallo was a criminal and they had to fire back Diallo. All this might be due to the attachment of meaning they decode from Diallos nonverbal behavior. In addition, the fundamental att ribution error was also shown in the incident when the four police officers have focus on Diallos action to run and reached into his jacket, rather than the situation causes of his action, which was intending to reached into his jacket to get his wallet to show the police officers that he was innocent when he was approached by the police officers and asked to show his hands.Fundamental attribution error is known as the tendency to overappraisal the extent to which a persons behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors, one reason people make fundamental attribution error is because the observer only retch their attention on the actor, while ignoring the situational causes of the actors behavior (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). Furthermore, Diallo had also displayed the spotlight effect in this case study.The spotlight effect is the tendency to overestimate the extent to which our actions and appearance are salient or clear t o others (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When Diallo had reached into his jacket to get his wallet, he might had assumed that the NYPD officers know or understand what he was doing, which in his case, was the probability to take out his wallet and show them he was not the criminal or man they were searching for. However, the four police officers were not aware of his action hence assumed that he has a gun, hence fired at Diallo.Moreover, police officers had also displayed the intrusion objects as cues concept during the shooting event. Aggression objects as cue is an aggressive foreplay that act as an object that is associated with aggressive response, and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). The aggressive stimulus in this Diallo case is the guns that the police officers possessed. When the police officers had encountered a threatening or violent stimulus, they were more likely to shoot regardless of what stimulus actually appeared (Baumann Desteno, 2010).Due to the possession of firearms, the four police officers had the higher possibilities to response aggressively towards Diallo, hence the gun act as the object that associated with their aggressive response. Without the firearms that the four police officers possessed, the act of aggression towards Diallo would decrease therefore the firestorm would not have happened. According to Correll et al. (2002), it was found that participants performance shown difference regarding race of the targeted person.When a decision making process was time limited, participants had made more errors shooting unarmed African American targets than unarmed White targets. Whereas, participants had made more errors not shooting armed White targets than armed African American targets. In other words, participants were more likely made errors evaluating African American targets as threatening compared to White targets. This federal agency that because Diallo was a black immigrant, it increases his rate of being shot.This is an act of stereotype as because Diallo was a black immigrant, they assumed that he might be a criminal, hence the police officers thereby increasing the likelihoods for certain interpretations and ensuing actions during the crucial moment, resulting them to mistaken Diallos wallet as a gun, hence shot him. In other words, it is like the Arabs possess guns, resulting in more frequent mistaken shootings of Arab men within the context of the shooter bias paradigm (Unkelbach, Forgas, Denson, 2008).There are also group prejudices that had been displayed in the Amadou Diallo case study. The four police officers had shown prejudice against Diallo because he was a dark-skin immigrant, hence they have ordered him to stop and show his hands without overconfident whether he was the serial rapist they were searching for. Seeing the suspect holding a small square object, Officer Carroll yelled Gun to alert his colleagues, believe that D iallo had aimed a gun at them at close range, the officers opened fire on Diallo. Diallo was a westerly African immigrant with no criminal record (Cooper, 1999).It was all the way shown the act of prejudice towards Diallo, whom was misunderstood or misinterpreted just because of his race. Furthermore, discrimination was shown in the Amadou Diallo case when the four NYPD officers had opened fire to shoot Diallo without proper investigation on his identity and the square object that he was holding during the incident. The action carried out by the four police officers was unjustified and harmful towards Diallo because he was a westmost American immigrant in the United States. Finally, illusory correlation was also shown in the Amadou Diallo case.An illusory correlation is the tendency to see relationships, or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When Diallo ran up the outside steps of his apartment and pulled out his wallet, the p olice officers had correlated his action to a criminals doing hence leading them to assume that he was a criminal ready to open fire at them in short range. These two events are distinctive and hardly correlated. Because Diallo was a West African immigrant, therefore the police officers correlated the two events together, causing Diallo his innocent life.

The category of tense Essay Example for Free

The family unit of filtrate EssayWhile the existence of the aspect stratum in English is a dis ordered matter, the strive category is universally recognised. Nobody has ever suggested to characterise the distinction, for example, amid wrote, writes, and willing write as other than a tense distinction. Thus we shall non realize to produce any arguments in favour of the existence of the category in Modern English. As to the general definition of tense, there seems no necessity to watch over a special one for the English language. The basic features of the category appear to be the same in English as in other languages. Ilyish 1971 86 The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. It correlates with the conceptual category of temporality. The essential characteristic feature of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, feature or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance. 200 9 119 In English there are the trine tenses (past, correspond and future) represented by the forms wrote, writes, will write, or lived, lives, will live.Strangely enough, some doubts keep up been expressed about the existence of a future tense in English. O. Jespersen discussed this question more than once. The terra firma why Jespersen denied the existence of a future tense in English was that the English future is expressed by the phrase shall/will + infinitive, and the verbs shall and will which snitch part of the phrase preserve, according to Jespersen, some of their original meaning (shall an element of obligation, and will an element of volition). Thus, inJespersens view, English has no way of expressing unpolluted futurity free from modal shades of meaning, i.e. it has no form standing on the same grammatical level as the forms of the past and present tenses. However, this conclude is not convincing. Though the verbs shall and will whitethorn in some contexts preserve or indeed revive their original meaning of obligation or volition respectively, as a rule they are free from these shades of meaning and express mere futurity.This is especially clear in sentences where the verb will is used as an auxiliary of the future tense and where, at the same time, the meaning of volition is excluded by the context, e.g. I am so sorry, I am afraid I will have to go back to the hotel.(R. West)Since the verb will cannot possibly be said to preserve even the slightest shade of the meaning of volition here, it can have only one meaning that of grammatical futurity. The three main divisions of time are represented in the English verbal system by the three tenses. Each of them may appear in the harsh and in the around-the-clock aspect. Thus we get six tense-aspect forms. Besides these six, however, there are two more, namely, the future-in-the-past and the future-continuous-in-the-past. It is common knowledge that these forms are used chiefly in subordinate cla uses depending on a main clause having its predicate verb in one of the past tenses, e.g. This did not mean that she was content to live. It meant simply that even death, if it came to her here, would seem stale. (R. West)However, they can be found in independent clauses as well. The following passage from a fabrication by Huxley yields a good example of this use It was afterward ten oclock. The dancers had already dispersed and the last lights were being put out. To-morrow the tents would be struck, the raze merry-go-round would be packed into wagons and carted away. These are the thoughts of young man surveying the scene of a feast which has just ended. The tenses used are three the tense which we call past perfect to denote the action already finished by that time (the dancers had dispersed), the past continuous to denote an action going on at that very moment (the lights were being put out) and the future-in-the-past to denote an action foreseen for the future (the merry-go- round would be packed and carted away). The future-in-the-past and future-continuous-in-the-past do not easily blend into a system of tenses represented by a straight decipher running out of the past into the future. They are a deviation from this straight line theirstarting point is not the present, from which the past and the future are reckoned, but the past itself.A different view of the English tense system has been put forward by Prof. N. Irtenyeva. According to this view, the system is divided into two halves that of tenses centering in the present, and that of tenses centering in the past. The former would comprise the present, present perfect, future, present continuous and present perfect continuous, whereas the latter would comprise the past, past perfect, future-in-the-past, past continuous and past perfect continuous. This view has much to recommend it. It has the advantage of reducing the inveterate threefold division of tenses to a twofold division (past and presen t) with each of the two future tenses (future and future-in-the-past) included into the past or the present system, respectively. A new conjecture of English tenses has been put forward by A. Korsakov.He establishes a system of absolute and anterior tenses, and of static and dynamic tenses. By dynamic tenses he pith what we call tenses of the continuous aspect, and by the anterior tenses what we call tenses of the perfect correlation. The evaluation of this system in its relation to other views has yet to be worked out. Ilyish 1971 86-89 The tense category is realized through a number of inverses. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Therefore, the temporal dichotomy may be illustrated by the following graphic representation (the arrows show the binary opposition)Present PastFuture I Future IIGenerally speaking, t he major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly that which is traditionally described as an opposition of pastpresent. But this is best regarded as a contrast of pastnon-past. 2009 119-120 When speaking of the expression of time by the verb, it is necessary to strictly distinguish between the general notion of time, the lexical denotation of time, and the grammatical time proper, or grammatical temporality. All the lexical expressions of time, according as they refer or do not refer the denoted points or periods of time, directly or obliquely, to this moment, are divided into present-oriented, or absolute expressions of time, and non-present-oriented, non-absolute expressionsof time. The absolute time denotation, in compliance with the experience gained by man in the course of his cognitive activity, distributes the intellective perception of time among three stadiums the sphere of the present, with the present moment included within its framework the sphere of the past, whic h precedes the sphere of the present by way of retrospect the sphere of the future, which follows the sphere of the present by way of prospect.Thus, words and phrases like now, last week, in our century, in the past, in the years to come, very soon, yesterday, in a couple of days, giving a temporal characteristic to an event from the point of view of its orientation in denotation to the present moment, are absolute names of time. The non-absolute time denotation does not characterise an event in terms of orientation towards the present. This kind of denotation may be either relative or factual. The relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing some of them either as preceding the others, or following the others, or happening at one and the same time with them. Here belong such words and phrases as after that, before that, at one and the same time with, some time later, at an interval of a day or two, at different times, etc.The factual expression of time either directly states the astronomical time of an event, or else conveys this meaning in terms of historical landmarks. Under this heading should be listed such words and phrases as in the year 1066, during the time of the First World War, at the epoch of Napoleon, at the early period of civilisation, etc. In the context of real speech the above types of time naming are used in combination with one another, so that the denoted event receives many-sided and very exact characterisation regarding its temporal status. 1983 137-138Literature cited . . . . . - . . . ./ . . . . , 1983. 383 . . . . . ./ . . . , 2009. 256 . Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English./ B. Ilyish . , 1971. 387 .

Opposition to The New Deal Essay Example for Free

Opposition to The spick-and-span Deal EssayThe in the raw Deal, its many Administrations and their policies were reservation major changes to American Industry and society. As a resoluteness of this, some people were quite unhappy and attempted to stall The New Deal.As time went on, FDRs gained much and to a greater extent power over the reformation of the American economy and businesses. People feared the amount of power FDR had and started questioning his intent. What really caused people to question Franklin D. Roosevelt was his attempt to fix the Supreme Court. As the nine judges making up the court were mainly old and conservative, FDR believed they were too opinionated and too eager use their authority without considering the consequences. Therefore he decided it wise to call for he ap daub up to six new, open-minded judges. Some people saw this as FRD attempting to tamper with the constitution in separate to give himself more power, and it scared them. It was mainl y because of this reason that FDRs request was turned down, further the judges certainly seemed to have got the point and from then on were a lot more careful.Republicans certainly disliked The New Deal and found it dangerous. Leading Republican, Frank Knox, summed up Republican views on The New Deal by saying The New Deal candidate has been leading us toward Moscow. By this he meant that with Roosevelts increasing powers and his guidance and control over industry it seemed that he was slowly but surely verging towards communism. They also disliked Roosevelts industrial laws because they took power of the owners and benefited the workers with policies such as trade unions and social security.Some extreme opposition came from a self-educated man with a degree in law after only 8 months he was a shameless politician with no morals and he fought dirty. In order to get where he was he had fixed ballots by placing his own men at available posts in the state government, he had used bla ckmail and graft to get votes. Sometimes opponents were as much as kidnapped on Longs orders. Huey Long became US senate in 1930 and claimed that if he were to become president he would adopt the insurance policy of confiscating any personal fortunes of over 3 million U.S dollars and giving $5000 to each and every less wealthy family. Long did not at any point explain how he would do this, but the idea of much needed money being given to them for nothing was jumped at by the poorer families, and Long gained a lot of support. Fortunately for FDR, Longs career ended due to assassination before he was able to challenge him.So with certain aspects of luck, and a well-conducted New Deal, FRD managed to rescue America from its depression without any great hitches. There were careless flaws such as the move Roosevelt made trying to fix the SC without considering the consequences, but in the end all went to plan and opposition was only opposition, and not a threat to the New Deal.

Friendship In Fried Green Tomatoes

Fri demiseship In Fried Green TomatoesFriendship is the relationship between both or more more the great unwashed who trust, have faith and are concerned with the welfare of each an opposite(prenominal).Relationship involves intimacy and mutual attention for one some other.A just friend has the responsibility of accepting computable and bad qualities of his friends and one who is ready to help his friend in changing bad traits.Friends should love each other and have faith in whatever their friends tell them.Friendship has to do with undertsnding and caring for one another.A relationship prepare on this qualities makes friends to have a good emotion and smile because of the love and care which is given to him.In around cases wad do not remain to be friends for a long period of clip for compositors case when people protest with each other and seize to be friends. When making friends people should be careful because all friends whitethorn not be good. almost friends will only be for you during the durations of happiness besides they run a focussing when problems prepares.These are not good friends because you cannot depend on them.Good friends will unceasingly sacrifice to be with you during good and bad moments of your life and they will empathise your strong and weakpoints (Fanny 10).Having friends is a precise principal(prenominal) locution in life. One may have all the necessities needed in life like money, good house, clothing but still friends are needed. Human beings are depend on one another and they can not survive all alone.There are some things that other people must do for you and therefore its rattling fundamental to have people round you.If for example one lodges sick, he/she will need other people to take them to the hospital making friends very important to the lives of individuals.Friendship is therefore something which all people should have in order to have peace of mind (Fanny 15). There are dissimilar kinds of frien dships for example friendship establish on utility. In this kind of friendship, people make up friends so that they can benefit personally. For example people who come together and start a business.They do not spend most of their clock times together and they may not like each other.A very common form of friendship is one which is based on pleasure.This is a friendship between two people with the aim of gaining pleasure from one another.This kind of friendship occurs mainly between people of diverse sexes who have love and affection for one another.The main aimof this friendshilp is compabnionship and these people may end up marrying one another. Being a very important aspect of life, i will discuss friendship in the movie Fried Green Tomatoes basing my arguiment on one relationship.Fried Green Tomatoes was a novel compose in 1987 by Fannie Flagg which later came to be adaptedas a movie in 1991.It was a commedy drama which was based on the novel and it was lreleased in the Unite d States objective the full name of the novel.The film was directed by Jon Avnet and written by Fannie Flaggin conjunction with Carol Sobieki. The film is about of twowomen commiseration and Idgie at a time when they have difficulties in their friendships.There is overly another friendshipwhich ekxisted in 1980s between Evelyn a woman of a middle age and low-down an old woman.Ninny k unsanded poignancy and Idgie.The floor dwells much on the murder of ruths husb,and who was abusive and the accusations which came after he was murdered. The film received two academy awards and critics of film were positive in the poem.The people who were making the view criticized it because the group which reviewed the book ignored the contents about lesbian (Fanny 28).The film begins with Evelyn Couch a house wife aged around 40 years who mwas timid and unhappy coming in to contact with Ninny Threadgoode in a Birminghamfond in a breast feeding home called Alabama. Ninny and Evelyn get word each other several times during which Evelyn tells her about a town in Alabama called tin whistle Stop which had been occupied by people sometimes back but they had moved from that place (Fanny 30). She tells her stories of people who used to occupy that town.She begins the story by telling about Idgie Threadgoode the youngest of her children but who during her description is reffered to as her sister in law.Idgie had a sidekick who was a good friend of him but he died through an accident by a modernize.After the ending of his brother whoi meant alot to his life, he moved away from his society where he spend most of his childhood and adolescent stages. She stayed away from his family until Ruth Jamison the former girlfriend of his brother is pass on by his family to intervene so that they can become friends. She refused to befriend Ruth in the first stages but after some time she install a space in her heart to have feelings for her. weenie Bennette befriends Ruth and marries her a fter which they moved fromWhistle Stop town and settles in Valdosta, Georgia. The act of Ruth getting married nettle Idigie because she lost her friend .It was a hard task for her to forget ruth but she tried hard to forget her. She later paid a twaddle to Ruth who was already carrying a baby but her husband Frank abused her.Idgie pleads with Ruth to leave her husband and accompany her back to Whistle Stop.Ruth legitimate but Frank was against the idea.It is at Whistle Stop that Ruth gave birth to a baby named blood brother Jr. Idgie was given money to open a business so that she can cater for the needs of Ruth and her baby. Ruth and Idgie opened a cafe at Whistle Stop Town called Whistle Stop Cafe. They employed Sipsey and Big George her son as cooks.These cooks made barbeque which became popular with their patrons within a short period of time.Frank paid a visit to Whistle Stop town with the aim of kidnapping Buddy Jr. But he was killed by an assailant who was not recognized. For some time frank could not be found and his car was found at the bottom of a sea around the town.Idgie is suspected to be responsible of Franks death because she had threatened him publicly because of beating her friend Ruth. Idgie and Big George were arrested as suspects for the murder of Frank (Fanny 38). The police wanted torelease her and pin the crime to Big George alone but she refused to betray her friend.The judge during the trial says that the two clients were not aware of the diappearance of Frak because had had gone on a three day journey but it was a lie.In increment to that he says that Frank was always drunk and his death cloud have turn uped from an accident.Idgie and her friend are cleared of the charges and released.Ruth died soon after the trial as a result of cancer.The Cafe closed after Ruth died and many people who stayed in Whistle Stop migrated to other places.That is the way Ninny ended her story to Evelyne without revealing to her what really caused the death of Frank. Franks death came accidentallly because he was killed by Sipsey with a cast iron skillet in an effort to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy Jr.The body was then taken by Big George and he berbecued it while the body was burried by his mother in the garden of Mrs.Threadgoode.Ninny stayed in the nursing home temporary because her house had been condemned and torn away.When Ninny became aware of what had happenegd to her she decided to welcome her and give her a room in her own house since they had already became good friends. Ninny accepted accepted to stay with Evelyne.On their way from Ninnys former home, they passed through the sonorous of Ruth which was decorated with flowers and on top of it was a flyer bearing the writings The Bee Charmer the nickname she was given by Idigie. After the death of Mrs Threadgroode, Evelyne got a letter from a neighbour of Mrs. Threadgoode inviting her for a visit (Fanny 40). She went to visit her grave carrying pink flowers.She fo und a note on Ruths grave fron Idgie which had not taken long after visiting the grave of Mrs. Threadgoode. Finally Idgie is found to be stillliving selling honey on a satnd which is near a road.There are many free radicals in this film. For example the theme of food is super elaborated. In the cafe where Sipsey and her son cooked they prepared barbecue which became popular to many people. Rth and Idgie sold food for the blacks through the back doors at a reduced rate.When Frank died, his body is said to have been barbecued by Big George and served to the people. Food is a very important aspect such that human beings are overly eaten.The film portrays lesbianism in the sensory faculty that when Buddy the brother to Idgie died, she was encouraged by her family to befriend her (Fanny 45). This is a clear indication that the society encourages lesbianism.Women are mistreated by men according to this novel.When we look at Evelyne,she was unhappy with her marriage because her husband had ignored her.The same case applies to Ruth who was abused by Frank her husband.Another theme in the film is death. So many people have died in the film. To begin with, Buddy the boyfriend to Ruth was hit by a train and he died. Frank was bitten by Sipsey with a cast iron skillet in an attempt to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy Jr. which caused his death. Ruth died as a result of cancer while Mrs. Threadgoode is also said to have died and burried in the same place with Ruth. The death of all these characters makes death a major(ip) theme in this film.The other theme and among the most important is the theme of friendship. According to the film, we have a series of friendships.To start with Mrs. Threadgoodes became a very good friend of Evelyne after they came in to contact with each other for a period of time.Through the story which Threadgoode gave to Evelyne, she was encouraged by the character of Idgie thus influencing her positively in her ways of living .Buddy and Ruth wer e also friends. According to the film, Ruth was Buddys girl friend but the relationship ended when he died as a result of an accident.Buddy was also a friend to his sister Idgie.When Buddy passed away, her sister was so much affected an indication that the two people were very good friends with each other.Ruth befriended Frank who married her but later started abusing her. Idgie was offended by the marriage because she lost her friend Ruth to Frank.She was so much inclined to Ruth because even after Ruth married Frank, she took a long time to forget her. All the above are friendships portrayed in the film. In my paper i will discuss the relationship between Ruth and Idgie (Fanny 56).According to this book friendship is defined as a relationship which is disagreeent fromothers.Friends volunatariry come together.Frindships are different fromother relationships like marriage relationships which are based on institutions and established laws. Friends are not governed by laws and there is no trite way through which friends should interact.Friendships have some qualities like emtional closeness.Some people become friends so that they can be emotionally close.Emotional love comes as a result of spending time together, talking and going through experiences together.Issues of gender and sex just have impacts on the way people express their emotions towards their friends.Some people get close to their friends through dialogue.As for women,the best way to maintain social closeness is through listening and talking.Through talking with one another people can understand lives of other people.Through dialogue friends can become emotionally close. Ruth and Idgie must have talked together during the time they stayed together.Another way through which people can become emotionally close is through doing things (Wood 253). When people do things together and they perform duties for one another, they become close to each other.Looking at the relationship between Ruth and Idgie they did their things together.They opened a cafe where they helped one another. The two people participated in all the activities in the cafe.Through sharing of the duties, these people became close to each other.Another quality is acceptance.Each and both person wants to be accepted by his/her friends.We all have our strong and weak points and we expect our friends to appreciate us the way we are. passel try their aim best to ensure that they impress people who are knew to them. Ruth was wrong when she agreed to marry Frank and leave behind her friend Idgie who loved her very much.However we can say that both of the two characters accepted and appreciated each other based on the way they conducted themselves. Idgie even offered to take good care of Ruth and her child because she had accepted her as a friend.Friends should trust each other.We should trust our friends that we can relie on them.We should also trust their words in the sense that they will do what they say.Trust al so means being sure that the friends that we have cares for our welfare.Idgie was a trustful friend of Ruth because she was very much concerned with her welfare.When she found that Frank was abusing Ruth through beating her, she took her and offered to care of her and the pregnancy until she gave birth.This shows how much she cared about her.In addition, she threatened Frank in the public because of abusing her friend which is a luck to her because she was later suspected to be responsible for his death and was jailed (Wood 258). Friends should support each other both in words and financially.Support includes telling your friends that you love them.Another way of suporting our friends is through being available and luck them in times of difficulties.Its clear from the film that Idgie was always there for Ruth and she sacrificed her time and money in helping her and the baby.Its true to ssay that the relationship between these people was based on good characteristics of a friendship .Even after the death of Ruth we can see Idgie visiting her grave an indication that she was a very influential person in her life.Sometimes friendships come to an end because of several reasons.Friendships can come to an end when people disagree on some issues or when as a result of separation.Friendship can seize if people who are friends stop coming into contact with each other the way they used to do.Education and employment are some of the factors which can make people stop being friends when they move far away from each other.Many friendships however do not end umbruptly. They fade slowly by slowly until the friendship comes to an end (Wood 260). When friendship comes to an end, people will change their mode of communication. People who used to spend alot of time with others do not see the need of spending time with them.Words like I do not have time for you may be heard from people who used to be very good friends.Ruth accepted to leave Idgie who had been her friend because s he had seen another friend Frank. This is how their relationship came to an end even though they later agreed on each other and started staying together.In most cases friends do not always lead a inactive life. They are also subjected to pressures from internal and also from external just like other relationships of human beings.Internal tensions arise from an individual and the interactions he/she is involved in.Pressure can arise in a friendship if the parties have different needs.If what i need in not what my friend needs then we are likely to differ (Wood 265).Communication also affects friendships especially in a case where th parties come from different cultural backgrounds and do not understand each other.For instance some societies no not circumcize their males while most of the societies do.This differences can be a problem in a friendship.Sexual attraction can also pause a problem in the case where friends have decided not to have sexual intercourse but one of them is not abiding to what they said.Friendships are also affected by external pressures.Human beings change from time to throughout their life.The same thing applies to friends.Whenever one moves from one place like schools,colleges, to another they make new friends.Since people make friends with people they meet frequently, they are likely to forget old friends.Geographic distance also affects friendship.When people migrate from one place to another they will make new friends there.However technology has made it easy for people far away from each other to continue with their communication through emailing and seem book thus maintaining their friendship. Friendship is a very important aspect of life as portrayed in the film because through friends we can procure what we may not achieve alone (Wood 268).Work CitedFlagg, Fanny. Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe Audio Download. London Little, Brown sacred scripture Group Limited, 2007.Wood, Julia. Interpersonal communication ever yday encounters. 6th edition. Wadsworth Boston, 2010.

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments

Cultural Adaptations to Heat Stress in Dry Environments man beings run by dint of long inhabited hot environments, and pay developed some(prenominal) physiological mechanisms in order to deal with vex stress. We argon exposed to two kinds of heat stress, environmental and metabolic, on a official basis. Heat mountain be gained from the environment done radiation, convection and conduction, as well as earnd during the course of metabolic activity, which is compounded by exertion. The heat gained from these sources must be balanced by convective heat breathing out to the environment and through the evaporative cooling mechanisms (Hanna and Brown). Failure of these cooling mechanisms female genitals go forth in heatstroke, a heavy condition which can convey austere damage to the central nervous system (Bouchama and Knochel 2002). Over reliance on evaporative cooling can petabit to another debilitating condition, dehydration. Hot depopulate environments, such as those found in coupling Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, are a perfect storm of stresses on human heat tolerance. High ambient temperatures increase heat gain from the environment, while severely reducing our ability to lose both environmental and metabolic heat by convective means. This causes an emergence reliance on evaporative cooling in order to deal with rising torso temperature. Increased sweating, combined with the everyplacelook of readily available water in cast off climates severely increases the risk of dehydration. Populations native to desert areas exposed to the dual stresses of heat and lack of water use a variety of cultural adaptations in order to fender their natural thermoregulatory processes. Primary amongst these adaptations is the creation of a favorable microclimate through the use of materialing and architecture. (Hanna and Brown).Human heat tolerance can be summed up through the equationMb + Ma + S = E + R + K + CIn this equation Mb and Ma represent hea t generated by the body through basal metabolic activity and physical activity respectively. S is model of the amount of heat stored by the tissues of the body. The right side of the equation represents environmental heat, with E, R, K, and C standing for evaporation, radiation, convection and conduction, the primary methods by which heat is lost to, or gained from, the environment. evaporative cooling takes place as water secreted by the endocrine glands onto the skins surface undergoes a phase change and draws heat away from the body. Radiative heat gain is ground on the transference of wide span length electromagnetic waves. Factors such as an objects temperature, reflectance and surface area, as well as those of objects around it, displace the net heat fuse through this mechanism. While there is a positive gain of effulgent heat by the human body from the lie under all circumstances, environmental conditions can greatly affect the magnitude of this gain. Heat flow by condu ction functions in a manner corresponding to diffusion, between materials in contact with one another and from higher(prenominal) to low heat areas. Environmentally, conductive heat exchange can occur between the body and the ground, while with-in the body it is the mechanism by which heat is transferred from the core to the surface of the skin. Convective heat flow occurs between an object and a moving fluid. The movements of the fluid can carry heat away from the body this is the reason why a cool breeze can be so refreshing on a warm day. When ambient temperatures are at or above body temperature, however, convective currents can meaningfully increase heat load, sometimes beyond the bodys ability to sort out through other means (Hanna and Brown).Heat stroke is caused by an elevation of body temperature, usually due to failure of cooling mechanisms caused by exposure to high external temperatures, and is the most severe form of heat illness. Exertion can accelerate the onset o f heat stroke by change magnitude metabolic heat production in active muscles. Symptoms of heat stroke include confusion and irrational behavior, weak pulse, elevation of breathing rate and unconsciousness. Severe cases can cause brain damage and organ failure, leading to death. An early symptom of the onset of heat illness is profuse sweating, caused by the bodys attempts to return to homeostasis. Salt loss through this excess perspiration can lead to muscle cramps, while the increase in water loss itself further elevates risk of dehydration (Heat Emergencies). Dehydration is the result of an imbalance between fluid loss and intake. Illness is a common cause of this condition, especially in children and the elderly. Reliance on sweating as a cooling mechanism without adequately rehydrating is another frequent cause of this condition. In hot dry environments, where increased sweating is required in order to view as body temperature, dehydration is particularly common. Cases of Deh ydration can randge from mild to severe, depending on the percentage of overall body water lost. Mild dehydration is easily treatable, and has comparatively few long term consequences. Severe dehydration, if not treated quickly can result in damage to the central nervous system or death. Symptoms of dehydration include low blood pressure due to reduced fluid volume, elevated heart rate, dry mouth, low urine production, and in severe cases, lethargy and coma. One sign of dehydration is a reduction in skin turgor. Reduced water levels in the tissues cause skin to lose its elasticity, causing it to tardily return to position after being pinched upwards (.Cultural adaptations can serve as a buffer between the environment and the body, allowing survival in environments where physiological responses would be inadequate for or impede survival. Remarkable examples of this are seen in the populations of Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The populations native to these neck of the woodss, such as the rambling Bedouin and semi-nomadic Tuareg have developed specialized habilitate and architecture that allow them to survive in some of the hottest, driest areas in the world, the Sahara and Arabian Deserts. The specialized material culture employ by these groups facilitates the creation of a favorable microclimate around the body which allows them to maintain homeostasis without relying as strenuously on physiological mechanisms.A desert environment is be by the Kppen-Geiger climate classification system as a region where the mean annual participation in mm is less than or equal to 5 Pth, which is defined by the following equation,In order to be designated as a hot desert, the region must also have a mean annual temperature greater than or equal to 18C (Kottek et al). The Sahara Desert is the largest in the world, applications programme an area of 9,100,000 km2 across the breadth of North Africa. The central region of the desert receives less than 25 mm of rain annually, while regions on the eastern margin receiving as little as 5 mm annually. Rainfall is extremely sporadic when it does occur a single storm sometimes accounts for multiple years worth of precipitation. The region is also amongst the hottest on earth, with temperatures exceeding 50 C in the summer months. Diurnal variation in temperature can be considerable, the recorded maximum variation being 38 C. Extreme winds are common in the Sahara, which when laden with dust make the environment even less hospitable. Underground aquifers occasionally break the surface and create oases amongst the otherwise barren landscape of stone plateaus, salt flats and dunes (Berrahmouni and Burgess).The Arabian Desert is the dominant eco-region on the Arabian Peninsula, covering 1,851,300 Km2. Contained within the larger desert region is the vast Rubal-Khali, the Empty Quarter, which is the largest continuous area of vertebral column in the world, stretching 500,000 km2. Salt flats and lim estone cliffs are present in other regions of the desert. Average annual rainfall is less than 35mm, while temperatures average around 47 C in summer. Temperatures drop importantly at night, sometimes reaching low comely for frost to form (Llewellyn-Smith).The Bedouin are a primarily nomadic pastoralist group located in the desert regions of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Their subsistence is based around the raising of sheep, goats and camels, with special dependence on seasonal agriculture in groups inhabiting regions with more predictable seasonal rains. The Bedouins traditional form of shelter is the bayt, a large rectangular encamp constructed from sheeps wool. The roof is supported by a series of tall poles, while the walls of the tent are pinned onto the edge of the roof. The bottoms of the wall pieces are buried in the sand or pegged down, depending on the nature of the terrain. The interior is divided into sections, one for cooking and storage, the other for th e entertaining of visitors. (Chatty) The tent is typically open along one of its long sides. This open wall, called the face of the tent or wej al bait, is on the leeward side. In the event of a sudden change in the wind, the back wall of then tent is unpinned and moved to what was formerly the face of the tent. In particularly hot weather parts of the side walls are unpinned to increase air flow throughout the tent. Carpets are sometimes employed to thicken the roof of the tent when the sun is stronger than usual (Dickson). When the wind is not particularly strong the side walls can be commenceed entirely in order to maximize ventilation and cooling (Musil). The Bedouin traditionally dress in long, light garments that cover a legal age of the bodys surface. For men, typical garments include a long tunic like shirt with wide sleeves that reaches to the ankles, slack trousers, a sleeveless cloak and a head cloth held in place by a woolen cord wound around the head. Womens clothing is similar, consisting of a long sleeved dress, black cotton fiber over garment, loose trousers, cloak and various degrees of head covering, depending on the region the particular group hails from (Dickson).The Tuareg are a predominantly nomadic group inhabiting the nations of Mali, Algeria Niger and Libya. Different Tuareg groups fare widely different modes of subsistence, ranging from nomadic stock-breeding and trading to oasis gardening, although the latter is viewed with somewhat of a social stigma (Rasmussen). The Tuareg utilize a variety of both take-away and non-portable dwellings, depending on their particular mode of subsistence. Nomadic Tuareg generally utilize a combination of mat and skin tents depending on regional conditions and availability of materials. Both of these tent forms follow the same basic layout, with the roof and sides suspended from a series of poles anchored in the substrate, while a wooden bed forms the floor of the structure. The particular conco rd of the poles varies significantly by region and preference, ranging from a exquisite number of arches to a series of upright posts. The more sedentary groups amongst the Tuareg construct a variety of botch and mud coated stone houses, some of which are subterraneous or semi-subteranean. These houses are typically rectangular, with small windows and flat roofs, although conical and domed forms are not uncommon in some regions of the Tuaregs territory.The most conspicuous aspects of traditional Tuareg clothing amongst both men and women are elaborate head coverings, taking the form of a veiled turban-like garment amongst men and a less elaborate head cloth for women. The mens veil, called a teguelmoust, is typically wasted so that only a small space for the eyes is exposed. The amount of the face exposed varies considerably, however, depending on social circumstances. Mens garb consists of loose trousers and multiple sleeveless gandurah (a loose fitting cloak-like garment). Alth ough sleeveless, the gandurah is loose enough that it typically extends below the hands. It is folded up over the forearms or shoulders when necessary to free the hands for manual labor. Womens costume includes either baggy trousers or a cotton skirt reaching to the knees, a gandurah similar to those worn by men but stitched higher on the sides, and a combination of shawl and headscarf made from the indigo dyed cotton popular amongst the Tuareg. This is often folded across the face for protection from the elements when riding or in the sun (Briggs).The primary benefit of clothing in a desert environment is its ability to minimize radiant heat gain by blocking solar radiation. Layers of clothing and air pockets caught between the layers set apart the body and prevent heat from being transferred to it. Baggy clothing allows for ventilation and air flow around the body, which encourage both convective and evaporative heat loss while still protecting the individual from environmental heat gain. Traditional populations in the regions of the Sahara and Arabian Deserts benefit from these concepts by dressing in layers of loose clothing that covers a majority of the body. A study performed by Henschel Hanson demonstrates the effectiveness of protective clothing in maintaining body temperature. This study demonstrated that acclimatized individuals wearing desert fatigues sweat 30% less than unclothed individuals when at rest, due to protection from radiant heat gain. Further benefit is seen in a lower core temperature and reduced heart rate relative to unclothed resting individuals. Clothing becomes less effective protection as metabolic heat production increases through exertion. The same study demonstrated that the benefits experienced by the individuals in desert fatigues were reduced by half (15% less than unclothed individuals) while busy in physical labor (Hanna Brown). This reduction is due to an increased need to vent internally produced heat as compared t o the benefit of preventing the uptake of environmental heat. The traditional clothing worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is looser than typical fatigues, allowing for better circulating and larger pockets of insulating air, as well as providing superior protection to the head, neck and shoulders. This would likely increase the protective benefit gained by an individual at rest. The design of the clothing, allowing for more significant ventilation than desert fatigues, would likely allow an individual at run away to still reap the maximum protective benefit while at the same time shedding metabolically generated heat. Another benefit of the head coverings worn by the Bedouin and Tuareg is their ability to protect the lungs and face from the desiccating effects of the hot dry winds. When pulled across the face, these veils can maintain a small pocket of air which is relatively humid compared to the environment, which greatly reduces the discomfort caused by exposure of the mucous membra nes to the dry desert air (Briggs).Amos Rapoport describes in his book House Form and Culture several architectural traditions employed in hot dry climates that create favorable microclimates for human survival. Amongst these cultural adaptations are the use of stone and clay as construct materials, small windows, use of courtyards, mutual shading and underground construction (Rapoport). Building materials such as stone or mud have a significant advantage in desert environments due to their high heat condenser. These materials function as a heat sink, absorbing radiant and convective heat during the day without significantly transferring heat to the shaded interior of the building. An added advantage to this style of architecture is its ability to hold onto heat gained over the course of the day, which can help deal with the low overnight temperatures common to deserts. A similar tactic is seen in underground construction. Dwellings constructed underground can take advantage of t he tremendous heat ability of the soil itself to buffer interior temperatures from the outside environment. An example of this can be seen in the Matmata house found in parts of the Sahara. This structure takes the form of a series of subterranean rooms built around a central, pit-like courtyard. Upwards of 30 feet of earth shield the interior rooms from the heat of the sun, allowing the inhabitants to remain significantly tank car than they would be able to in an above ground structure (Rapoport). Surface Buildings in deserts are frequently constructed with few and small windows. This functions to reduce the amount radiant heat reaching the interior of the building directly. Placing windows high in the walls further serves this purpose. Permanent dwellings constructed by the Tuareg conform to these design standards utilizing materials with a high heat capacity and minimizing opportunities for radiant and convective heat to enter the interior through windows or large doors (Nichol aison).The tents employed by the Bedouin cannot employ the techniques described above to the same degree, but alternatively function in a fashion similar to that of dessert clothing. Like the long robes worn by the Bedouin, the tent absorbs radiant heat, but prevents it from reaching the cooler microclimate within the tent. Attaching extra rugs to the roof of the tent in particularly hot weather furthers its ability to block and absorb radiant heat by increasing the amount of material able to take in heat and the distance that heat has to diffuse to reach the interior of the tent. The ability to adjust the walls of the tent in accordance with the need for ventilation and the strength of the wind also is a significant advantage. Ventilation can be adjusted in order to maximize air flow through the interior of the tent, and therefore cooling, while minimizing convective heating. Even with the back walls of the tent all the way up, enough air should penetrate through gaps in the panels to create a current through the tent and out the front opening, removing hot air from the interior of the tent. The mat tents used by the Tuareg are thought to be vastly superior to the skin tents in the hot, dry season. They are better ventilated and, according to claims made by anthropologist Johannes Nicolaisen, the mat covering is not heated to any great extent by the sun (Nicolaisen, p. 375).Desert environments are extremely difficult conditions under which to live. They combine high ambient heat with a lack of water, pushing the human ability to maintain thermal homeostasis to its absolute limit. This taxing environment has encouraged the use of cultural adaptations to stand a buffer between the environment and the physiologic mechanisms necessary to keep cool. The primary areas in which these adaptations are applied are clothing and architecture. Loose, light clothing is utilized to block the absorption of radiant and convective heat from the environment, while at the same time creating an environment that maximizes convective and evaporative heat loss by creating a cycling zone of cool air next to the skin, allowing thermoregulation while only minimally engaging homeostatic mechanisms. Desert architecture utilizes high heat capacity materials and the earth itself as a heat sink to keep indoor temperatures at reasonable levels. The microclimate created through these cultural techniques provides a buffer zone that protects desert populations from the harmful effects of overtaxing their bodies cooling mechanisms and allows them to survive under some of the harshest conditions on earth.

'Haussmannization of Paris'

'The remodeling of genus hood of France in the nineteenth degree centigrade understructure be taken in unlike commissions. David Harvey, a unparalleled prof of geographics and Anthropology, detail his scheme on why the urban center of capital of France was rebuilt from the underseal up in his create verbally of capital of France, hood of modernness . within the reading, Harvey examines several(prenominal) opposite reasons as to why the urban center essential change. The flick of the callable south Empire, with the option of Louis forty winks, was a pointedness of succession in which the urban center of Paris was attempt in non-homogeneous aspects of urban life, particularly with watch to the urban centers frugal postulate. The frugal struggle, as Harvey suggests, quite a little be forthwith correlative with the urban centers inability to adjust to a quick ever-changing economic landscape. This inability to adapt, as Harvey suggests, s tems from the noncurrent urban al-Qaida in the urban center.\nAs an economic crisis brush Europe, the city of Paris was get through particularly hard. This was due to the accompaniment that the city itself was highly outdated, with Harvey describing the kind state of the city as be corner by chivalric constraints. 2 Harvey referring to the city Harvey describes the crisis of capitalistic over-accumulation, in which con ramprable overindulgencees of capital and tire business office mystify emplacement by side with manifestly no way indeterminate to meet them in moneymaking union. With these surpluses of persistence and capital, the prudence was kiosk. At the put over of the second Empire, with Louis cat sleep declaring himself emperor butterfly and seize tyrannic powerfulness crossways the country, Harvey flesh out the plunk for Empires task, essentially, to bump the economy. To do this, Harvey argues, Napoleon enlisted magnate Haussmann to grap ple the inspection and repair of the city as a full-length as a substance to follow up the surplus of resources and effectively jump off the stalling economy. Harvey writes that Haussman nearly mum his special(a) fictitious character [ ¦] he had to muster the circulation of capital. 2 With the extensive, attention-focused redev... '

'Benjamin Franklin and the American Dream'

'The American romance is delineate by mob Truslow Adams as that conceive of of a cut in which livelihood should be wear and richer and full for e really angiotensin-converting enzyme, with opportunity for severally tally to great power or achievement. The American dreaming is the conventional rags to wealth history; the view that unrivaled mean solar day whiz could go from cosmos the word of honor of a certificate of deposit headmaster to fitting peerless of the close to well-disposed pack in the plain if non the world. period this terminal normal was non coined until 1931, the interest for the American ideate began as the basic settlers embarked onto the new-made World. star of the eldest good deal to achieve this imagine was gum benjamin Franklin. He went from a practicable nil to the rattling precedent of the American Dream. He didnt cube respectable at instruction and writing. He would prove everything he take up and he was ver y curious. This crotchet fuel his inclination to necessitate and was cite in transforming Franklin into one of the roughly handsome figures of the eighteenth century. asa dulcis Franklin embarks on his bridle-path to self-betterment without the manifest need to stick prosperous. His primary commit was to find much acquaintance and b shutdown virtuous.\ngenus Benzoin Franklin wrote astir(predicate) long dozen sexual moralitys that he attempts to have got: Temperance, muteness, Order, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity, and Humility. He wills himself to go for them adjourn of his free-and-easy routine. He follows for all(prenominal) one law master each in a week for long dozen weeks and at the end of the thirteenth week he starts oer from the archetypal virtue. Franklins allegiance to master these virtues highlights his dedication towards bettering himself and use pedagogy to lurch hi s smell for the better. all(prenominal) of Franklins thirteen virtues helped practice him into the self-aggrandizing figure he had become. The most substantial virtue on Franklins angle of inclination is Silence: come up to not and what may realize others or yourself; avoid slothful co... '